Which constitutional amendment is primarily associated with personal jurisdiction?

The correct choice is the Fourteenth Amendment, which primarily addresses issues of personal jurisdiction within the context of the Due Process Clause. This amendment plays a critical role in determining whether a court in one state can assert jurisdiction over a defendant who resides or is engaged in activities in another state. The protection of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that jurisdiction be fair and reasonable, ensuring that a defendant has sufficient minimum contacts with the forum state before being subject to its authority.

The concept of "minimum contacts" established in the landmark case of International Shoe Co. v. Washington is vital to understanding personal jurisdiction. It means that there must be a connection between the defendant, the forum, and the litigation, which aligns with the principles of fairness and substantial justice outlined in the Fourteenth Amendment.

Other amendments, while significant in their own rights, do not directly relate to personal jurisdiction in the same way. For instance, the First Amendment deals primarily with rights related to freedom of speech and religion, the Fourth Amendment addresses the right against unreasonable searches and seizures, and the Fifth Amendment focuses on protection against self-incrimination and guarantees of due process. Therefore, these amendments are not central to discussions surrounding personal jurisdiction as the Fourteenth Amendment is.