When can a court exercise general jurisdiction?

A court can exercise general jurisdiction when a defendant has substantial, continuous contacts with the forum state. This principle arises from the idea that a court can claim jurisdiction over a defendant if their connections to the state are so pervasive that it is reasonable for them to be brought into court there, even for matters unrelated to those contacts.

The concept of general jurisdiction emphasizes the quality and quantity of the defendant's activities within the jurisdiction, indicating that they are a "home" or established presence in the state, such as having a headquarters, regularly conducting business, or having extensive personal connections. When these substantial, continuous contacts are present, it justifies the court's authority to hear a wide range of cases against the defendant, not limited to their activities within the state.

Other options reflect circumstances that do not meet the threshold for general jurisdiction. Sporadic actions, mere research of business opportunities, or brief physical presence do not establish the strong, ongoing relationship required to confer general jurisdiction.