What does Article III Section 2 establish regarding federal courts?

Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution specifically delineates the scope of the judicial power of the federal courts. This section establishes the types of cases that federal courts are authorized to hear, such as cases arising under the Constitution, laws of the United States, and treaties made under their authority. It also addresses cases affecting ambassadors, public ministers, and those in which a state is a party. By defining these categories, Article III Section 2 effectively sets limits on federal jurisdiction, ensuring that federal courts do not overreach into areas outside their constitutionally granted powers. This foundational aspect of American legal structure confirms the intent of the framers to restrict federal authority while delineating the balance of powers between federal and state jurisdictions.