In Shaffer v. Heitner, what did the court establish about minimum contacts?

The court's decision in Shaffer v. Heitner established that minimum contacts are a crucial threshold for establishing personal jurisdiction over a defendant. The ruling emphasized that the concept of minimum contacts applies to all types of cases, not just in particular contexts. This principle means that a court must ensure there is a sufficient connection between the defendant and the forum where the lawsuit is filed, ensuring fairness and substantial justice.

The court articulated that personal jurisdiction cannot be asserted based solely on a defendant's ownership of property in the state; instead, the focus should be on the nature and quality of the defendant's contacts with the state. Therefore, regardless of whether the case involves individuals or corporations, the necessity for demonstrating adequate minimum contacts remains consistent across the board, which is the essence of the ruling in Shaffer v. Heitner.

This understanding supersedes any notion that minimum contacts could be disregarded in cases involving corporations or different categories like in rem jurisdiction, hence solidifying option A as the correct interpretation of the court's findings.